In advanced periodontal disease, what is one consequence observed over a long-term follow-up?

In cases of advanced periodontal disease, one significant and well-documented long-term consequence is tooth loss. As periodontal disease progresses, it leads to the destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the alveolar bone and periodontal ligaments. This ongoing deterioration compromises the stability of the teeth, making them more susceptible to loss over time.

Patients with advanced periodontal disease often experience an inflammatory response that can exacerbate tissue destruction, leading to a cycle of continued periodontal breakdown. Without effective management and intervention, this cycle can result in multiple teeth becoming loose or needing to be extracted as the periodontal condition worsens.

In contrast, improvements in bone density or tooth retention are generally not characteristic of advanced periodontal disease; instead, the condition typically leads to a decline in both. While improved oral hygiene is beneficial and could help manage periodontal disease, it wouldn't reverse the long-standing damage caused by advanced disease. Therefore, consistent tooth loss is a major consequence observed over long-term follow-up in advanced periodontal disease.